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<h1>OpenPrivacy - Enhancing the Internet with Reputations</h1>
- This file has moved; see
- <a href="http://www.openprivacy.org/papers/200103-white.html">
- http://www.openprivacy.org/papers/200103-white.html>
+ <h2>Abstract</h2>
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+ OpenPrivacy.org is building an Internet platform to take us into the
+ next age - the age of personalized information. Basic to this goal
+ is a platform that will provide people with complete control over
+ their personal information and aid them in protecting their privacy
+ while simultaneously enabling more efficient data mining by
+ marketers and the access to highly desirable market segments by
+ advertisers.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ OpenPrivacy creates a secure marketplace for anonymous demographic
+ and profile information, and a distributed, attack-resistant,
+ reputation-based rating system that can be used for everything from
+ item selection and ordering to search result filtering. Further,
+ this system is completely open, allowing multiple communication
+ mechanisms, languages and ontological meanings to coexist. This
+ platform thrives on diversity.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ To accomplish our goals, we introduce three new concepts:
+ <i>Opinions</i>, <i>Bias</i> and <i>Reputations</i>. These are all
+ first class, signed objects that are created at will under a
+ multitude of pseudonymous entities maintained by the user. A fourth
+ concept, that of a <i>personal profile</i>, is created virtually
+ from a collection of the first three objects in such a way that only
+ the owner of the information can validate the connections between
+ them. However, if granted access, others (marketers, advertisers,
+ online community builders and the like) may mine the profile for
+ potentially profitable or otherwise valuable correlations while the
+ owner of the profile maintains her anonymity.
+ </p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <h2><a name="platform">The OpenPrivacy Platform</a></h2>
+ <blockquote>
+ <h3>Philosophy</h3>
+ <p>
+ While we provide a system that securely protects one's privacy, we
+ are focusing our efforts on creating an <i>open</i> system. By
+ "open" we mean much more than merely being Open Source with open,
+ published APIs. We are creating a mechanism for communication and
+ interaction that provides free and open access to all.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ In order to be able to freely search for and collect, read, write,
+ publish and distribute information in a highly networked society
+ without fear of reprisal, there must be a mechanism that can
+ dissociate a user from her actions. It is our intention and firm
+ belief that pseudonymous entities, combined with our concepts of
+ reputation and their intrinsic value, will form the cornerstone of
+ a powerful and unlimited communications mechanism that allows us to
+ make better informed, useful and profitable decisions.
+ </p>
+ <h3>Overview</h3>
+ <p>
+ What you do tells a lot about who you are. For example, where you
+ live, for whom you work (and how much money you make), where you
+ went to school, when and what your grades were, what kind of car you
+ drive, where you eat and what movies and plays you see, the
+ magazines to which you subscribe and the organizations to which you
+ belong, where you go on vacation and how much (and on what) you
+ spend -- all of this data is collected by government agencies,
+ corporations and direct marketers for the express purpose of
+ providing you with enhanced services and the improved lifestyle that
+ comes with them.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Of course, the problem herein lies in the fact that you have little
+ control over who collects this information and far less control over
+ how it is used, to whom it is sold, etc. While strong laws (such as
+ those that exist in the European Union) can attempt to stem the
+ abuse and misuse of personal information, in actuality it comes down
+ to the fact that the consumer simply has to trust those who hold the
+ power to do the right thing.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Systems like the Anonymizer[<a href="#anon">anon</a>] and Freedom[<a
+ href="#zero">zero</a>] provide the essential anonymity needed to
+ protect oneself from being watched while online, but they lack a way
+ to create and profit from a long-lived pseudonymous identity. In
+ today's world, people want enhanced services such as personalized
+ home pages, recommended reading lists and respect within their
+ communities. Many systems have been created to address these
+ desires, such as my.Yahoo.com, Amazon.com's book recommendations and
+ Slashdot.org, but these have problems, too. A very basic issue here
+ is that a person who develops a good reputation on one site cannot
+ carry that reputation with them to another. A deeper issue is that
+ all of your information is known by the creators of these sites and
+ can be used by them at will.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ OpenPrivacy provides a framework for building intercommunicating
+ systems that support the concept of <i>reputation</i>. Reputations,
+ which can be attached to any object such as pseudonyms, purchase
+ histories, physical objects (using an expanded URI namespace),
+ reputation servers, and even reputations themselves, are pervasive
+ and directly affect every aspect of OpenPrivacy-enabled systems.
+ One example of how this framework can be used is as a customizable
+ privacy-enhanced personal portal with reputation-assisted search and
+ publishing features [<a href="#jets">jets</a>]. We are also
+ creating reputation calculation engines that will provide work-alike
+ similarity for the communities created by the likes of Slashdot and
+ Advogato. Because projects such as these are built on the
+ OpenPrivacy platform, not only with their users enjoy enhanced
+ privacy and security from spoof attacks, but they will also be able
+ to publish selected portions of their profiles for access by the
+ members of these and other communities. Likewise, advertisers can
+ avail themselves of targeted, high-quality profile information with
+ the full cooperation and confidence of a pseudonymous user.
+ </p>
+ <h3><a name="rms">Reputation Services</a></h3>
+ <p>
+ We introduce a set of <i>Reputation Services</i> that form the
+ cornerstone of the OpenPrivacy framework. These services provide a
+ standard reputation framework that can be used by any community,
+ supporting an unlimited numbers of mechanisms to create, use and
+ calculate results from accumulated reputation. The implementor of
+ these services can nest or reuse existing reputation calculation
+ engines or roll their own. They gain the ability to query remote
+ RCEs, to perform ontological forwarding, and share all or part of
+ their users profile database with other communities without
+ violating user privacy.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ A reputation management system, which implements the reputation
+ services, acts as a peer in a distributed network supplying the
+ capability to create, store and forward opinions (either
+ autonomously or under user control), manage bias structures
+ (including creation and validation) and calculate reputations. More
+ specifically, a reputation management system implements the
+ following interfaces:
+ </p>
+ <blockquote>
+ <h4>Nym Service</h4>
+ <p>
+ OpenPrivacy uses a <i>nym service</i> to to create and manage a
+ set of pseudonymous virtual users - generally represented by
+ public-key pairs - that inhabit OpenPrivacy space. A primary, or
+ "parent" nym can be created by the nym service, and then use the
+ service to beget any number of child nyms which can then
+ recursively employ a nym service to beget grandchildren. This
+ creates a hierarchical nym-space in which child nyms cannot be
+ linked by a third party as originating from the same parent, but a
+ parent can execute a validation mechanism to create an anonymous
+ certificate proving that a set of child nyms were created from the
+ same parent. (And of course, the parent can do so non-anonymously
+ if it so chose.)
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ This is a key facility (pun intended) of the OpenPrivacy platform,
+ as anonymity can too easily be pierced by what is known as "data
+ triangulation." For example, knowing only the age, zip code, and
+ the make and model of a heretofore anonymous person's car can
+ narrow the population quite a bit. But if each of these data
+ points were stored under a different nym, then the same data
+ exists, but it is unconnected. Others can make opinions as to
+ what data is connected - and gain or lose reputation according to
+ the value and usefulness of their opinions - but only the owner
+ can prove it. Mechanisms exist that allow for such proof to be
+ tied to a single receiving party, such that further dissemination
+ of the proof without permission would directly - and adversely -
+ affect the reputation of the receiver.
+ </p>
+ <h4>Bias Management</h4>
+ <p>
+ A reputation management system may assemble a set of related
+ opinions into a <i>bias</i>. Bias is maintained via additional
+ RCEs (possibly object clones) with different opinion sets. When a
+ nym Ji creates new Opinions and adds these to an RCE, a smart
+ implementation may choose to append these to Ji's bias for later
+ use by getReputation requests so that results are better tailored
+ for the nym.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Often, a bias may consist of Opinions from multiple nyms,
+ particularly since a parent nym may use multiple child nyms to
+ make successive requests. Further, a nym may want to use the bias
+ from someone else altogether, for it may want to benefit from the
+ bias of someone it holds in high regard. Finally, a RCE itself
+ may be created with and/or develop a bias through its standard
+ activities. For example, it may use sophisticated collaborative
+ filtering techniques to develop its own opinions and associated
+ bias.
+ </p>
+ <h4>Reputation Calculation Engine (RCE)</h4>
+ <p>
+ The <i>reputation calculation engine</i> is the brains of a
+ reputation service, as it determines opinions on the information
+ it has available. In its simplest incarnation, an RCE might do
+ little more than mechanical collaborative filtering to create its
+ opinions. But a sophisticated RCE has additional information at
+ its disposal, such as the reputations of the various local
+ opinions (and their, recursive, reputations), access to the
+ opinions of other, remote RCEs, the calculated or gifted bias of
+ the requester, and even hand-tweaking by its human maintainer.
+ Ultimately, what form its opinions take, their quality and other
+ factors are judged by its peers who may then assign it a
+ reputation, and seek its advice -- or not.
+ </p>
+ <h4>Opinion Store</h4>
+ <p>
+ A reputation server's <i>opinion store</i> supports the
+ putReputation() and getReputation() methods which access some form
+ of persistent data store. The store may be anything from simple
+ in-memory hash tables to a full-blown Oracle database. We include
+ the mention of the interface here only for completeness.
+ </p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <h3>Communications</h3>
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+ We outline a course-grained capability-based framework in which
+ each nexus of reputation services - generally located one to a
+ hardware machine - is considered to be a secure computation
+ environment (or "vat" [<a href="#dist">dist</a>]) with respect to
+ itself. <font color=red>[present a simple proof that supports
+ this claim]</font> Communications between vats are signed and
+ encrypted, but also asynchronous and may be unreliable. Secure
+ streams can be built, analogous to the way in which SSL is
+ implemented on top of TCP, which is in turn implemented on top of
+ UDP, but are not required for operation. Note that communication
+ channels and communicating objects themselves can gain or lose
+ reputation capital according to their reliability and speed.
+ While we define the implementation of the communications mechanism
+ to be outside the scope of OpenPrivacy per se, we expect that a
+ secure, anonymous and uncensorable mechanism such as those that
+ Freenet, Free Haven or Publius provide would be best suited to the
+ need for robust, distributed and private communications.
+ </p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <h3>Reference Applications</h3>
+ <blockquote>
- <br><br><br>
- <hr width=300 align=left>
+ <h4><a href="http://sierra.openprivacy.org/">Sierra</a>
+ - The Reference Reputation Management System</h4>
+ <p>
+ Sierra is the reference implementation of our Reputation
+ Management System. It is based on the Talon component framework
+ and defines our RCE plugin mechanism.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Sierra incorporates various subsystems which should be used by
+ most RCE implementations. It defines our Nym management system,
+ Store interface, Query interface and the Reputation objects which
+ we use as Payload holders. Developers which wish to build RCEs or
+ incorporate a Reputation Management System with their application
+ should evaluate Sierra.
+ </p>
+ <h4><a href="http://talon.openprivacy.org/">Talon</a>
+ - Reputation based Component Management System</h4>
+ <p>
+ Talon is a flexible component system which we expect to become the
+ cornerstone of all OpenPrivacy applications. Talon is simple yet
+ powerful, sharing many of the characteristics of <a
+ href="http://www.mozilla.org/projects/xpcom/"
+ target="_new">XPCOM</a> and <a
+ href="http://www.microsoft.com/com/" target="_new">Microsoft
+ COM</a>. However, Talon solves a number of problems with these
+ existing systems and also incorporates Reputations (Sierra) as
+ part of its Component factory mechanism. Since Talon uses RCEs to
+ determine what components to return, natural selection can take
+ hold and a Talon-based system can "evolve" over time to become
+ more efficient and powerful. This mechanism is similar to
+ advanced profiler technologies [<a href="#prof">prof</a>] but
+ works with distributed systems.
+ </p>
+ <h4><a
+ href="http://www.openprivacy.org/projects/jetspeek.shtml">JetsPeek</a>
+ - A Privacy and Reputation-enhanced Internet Portal</h4>
+ <p>
+ JetsPeek is an OpenPrivacy-enhanced personal portal builder that
+ keeps a user's profile anonymous. Further, it allows for the
+ attachment of Opinions to news stories (and to Opinion makers),
+ which enables using reputation mechanisms to more accurately
+ find and filter information.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ JetsPeek taps XML (RSS) channels that are published via the Open
+ Content Syndication (OCS) mechanism. JetsPeek also supports the
+ pseudonymous publishing of preferences as well as the creation of
+ nym-based RSS channels that may be subscribed to (and earn
+ reputation from) other peers on the network.
+ </p>
+ <h4>OpenPrivacy-enabled Communities, or<br>
+ Slashdot Moderation for Advogato and Trust Metrics for Slashdot</h4>
+ <p>
+
+ </p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <h3>Security, Trust, Validation and Verifiability</h3>
+ <p>
+
+ </p>
+ <h3>Attack Resistance</h3>
+ <p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><b>Denial of service (DOS):</b>
+ </li>
+ <li><b>Spoofing:</b>
+ </li>
+ <li><b>Replay:</b>
+ </li>
+ <li><b>Flooding:</b>
+ </li>
+ <li><b>Shills/Slander/False claims:</b>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <h2><a name="economy">OpenPrivacy Enhances The New Internet Economy</a></h2>
+ <blockquote>
+ <h3>Anonymity</h3>
+ <p>
+ Within any society, anonymity has decided usefulness. Freedom from
+ observation and monitoring of one's physical location, purchases,
+ reading and movie viewing preferences and history are, by and large,
+ no one else's business. There is a reasonable expectation of
+ privacy through confidentiality contracts made between a person and
+ their school, employer, financial institutions and health providers.
+ As well, in a less common but no less important role, the cloak of
+ anonymity can be used by the oppressed to bring the sins of
+ their oppressors to light without fear of retribution.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ That said, law enforcement has traditionally been concerned about
+ people being able to act anonymously, as they perceive a need to be
+ able to track the actions of an unknowing public via electronic
+ wiretaps, online data collection and physical surveillance. The
+ aggregated information is often linked to ostensibly confidential
+ databases gathered by employers, retailers and health care
+ providers. If law abiding citizens have their privacy violated in
+ the process, we are told not to worry, for we can "trust the
+ government."
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Within the business world, the concept of profile data being
+ anonymous - that is, unconnected to a person's name, address and
+ other identifying means - strikes fear into the hearts of marketers,
+ for while they could mine the data for concordances of interest,
+ their present belief is that they would not be able to contact the
+ market segments so identified.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ The OpenPrivacy platform enables a user to wear a cloak of anonymity
+ while divulging information useful to others - and by extension to
+ oneself - without losing their anonymity. She can participate in
+ communities, browse personalized retail catalogs, and be marketed to
+ more accurately by advertisers safely.
+ </p>
+ <h3>Trust</h3>
+ <p>
+ Anonymity has very real limitations, both in the social and business
+ worlds. We find <i>trust</i> is built on the security of knowing
+ and building relationships with our acquaintances and places of
+ business over time. On the flip side, companies want to be able to
+ provide personalized services that enhance their customer's
+ experience and further, to understand their wants and capabilities
+ so that they can be marketed to effectively.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Trust is a key point, and when many people trust some entity it
+ gains a positive reputation. (Note: negative reputations are
+ possible, too.) Trust is in fact the bridge between anonymity and
+ useful pseudonymity. The OpenPrivacy platform - through long-lived
+ pseudonymous entities and the reputations they accrue - enables
+ various trust metrics to be employed that support this bridge.
+ </p>
+ <h3>Pseudonymity and Reputations</h3>
+ <p>
+ <font color=red>[we will provide
+ consumers with the privacy they desire while increasing the amount
+ and quality of information available for data mining and direct
+ marketing purposes. - address all three issues above...]</font>
+
+ </p>
+ <h3>The Value of Information [Quality]</h3>
+ <p>
+
+ </p>
+ <h3>An Agoric, Reputation-based Marketplace [Capitalism]</h3>
+ <p>
+
+ </p>
+ <h3>Efficiency Via Chaos and Bias</h3>
+ <p>
+ Chaos is an essential element for systems to evolve, for without
+ it the unexpected changes and mutations that lead to new, often
+ revolutionary processes will not have a chance to occur. The very
+ fact that people are all different - not only from each other but
+ even with one's self from moment to moment - has a valuable
+ ramification: that we all have different opinions and bias. This
+ points to a major failing of search engines: that each person who
+ enters the same search X probably has a slightly different mind
+ set of what they would like to see as results.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ OpenPrivacy thrives in this multitude of opinion, this diversity
+ of thought, for though we are all different, there are certain
+ areas that two very different people may align with. For example,
+ suppose person A reads the New York Times every day and finds an
+ average of four articles that A considers tops - well worth the
+ cost of the paper and her time to find them. Now consider that
+ there probably exists a person B who finds the same four articles
+ to be indispensable. The safe, secure, pseudonymous publishing
+ environment of OpenPrivacy, along with the agoric marketplace of a
+ million infomediaries looking for valuable concordances, make it
+ possible for these two people to virtually meet. Further, A may
+ strike a deal with B to provide her with the editorial filtering
+ process, saving A time and aiding B at least in reputation if not
+ also financially.
+ </p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <h2><a name="references">References</a></h2>
+ <blockquote>
+ <h3>Definitions</h3>
+ <ul>
+ <li><b>Reference:</b> A pointer to an entity (generally a URI, often
+ a URL). Examples include a physical or virtual object, place,
+ person, pseudonym, web page or site, opinion, reputation, bias,
+ profile, and reputation calculation engine.
+ </li>
+ <p>
+ <li><b>Nym:</b> Short for "pseudonym," a nym is a fictitious name
+ that can refer to an entity without using any of its directly
+ identifiable characteristics, such as name, location, etc.
+ OpenPrivacy uses public-key pairs to represent a nym, with the
+ owner having sole access to the private part and the public part
+ being published to at least one external party. A long-lived nym
+ is useful in that it allows for trust (or "reputation") to
+ accumulate over time and usage. Often, we refer to the public key
+ as the "nym," as it is how the entity is know in the outside
+ world.
+ </li>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ <li><b>Principal:</b> An identifiable, pseudonymous, or anonymous
+ entity. A principal can be uniquely referenced by its public key.
+ Any static entity that can be referenced can in theory be a
+ principal, the only requirement being that it can store a private
+ key and perform signature operations.
+ </li>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ <li><b>Opinion:</b> A unique description of something (pointed to by
+ a reference). Uniqueness is satisfied by attaching a hash,
+ generally created from the pricipal's signature, to the opinion
+ such that no two opinions are exactly the same. An opinion may be
+ clearly subjective (as in "openssl is a good cryptography
+ package") or appear as a statement (as in "I live in San
+ Francisco," where the reference is "San Francisco" and the
+ description is "where I live").
+ </li>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ <li><b>Reputation:</b> A value that represents the collective
+ opinion of some reference. A reputation is really just another
+ name for an Opinion, as it is the calculated opinion of a
+ Reference by the issuing Reputation Calculation Engine.
+ Reputations are ephemeral, and the weight applied to an Opinion
+ representing the reputation of some Reference is subjectively
+ applied by the end user (person or program) that requests it. As
+ Principals add their Opinion to a Reference, it accrues (positive
+ or negative) <i>reputation capital</i> [<a href="#tmay">tmay</a>].
+ </li>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ <li><b>Bias:</b> While reputations generally reflect the sum of many
+ opinions of a single reference, a bias is an accumulation of
+ opinions that represent the views of a single principal. Biases
+ may be divided by area or type of reference (such as groups of
+ political or demographically descriptive opinions). A RCE uses
+ one or more Bias collections in the couse of its calculations.
+ </li>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ <li><b>Offer Template:</b> A set of seemingly disparate opinions can
+ be grouped together (in a bias-like structure) for the purpose of
+ finding best matches in a universe of unconnected data. A
+ reputation service that receives an offer template may advertise
+ prizes for parent nyms that can validate ownership of a subset of
+ the template.
+ </li>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ <li><b>Profile:</b> A collection of pseudonymous opinions (also in a
+ bias-like structure) that an entity claims that it can prove
+ belong to a single (parent) entity. (The proof itself is called
+ <i>validation</i>.)
+ </li>
+ </p>
+ </ul>
+ <h3>Bibliography</h3>
+ <blockquote>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a name="anon">[<b>anon</b>]</a> The Anonymizer
+ <dd>see <a href="http://www.anonymizer.com/" target="_new">
+ http://www.anonymizer.com/>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><a name="dist">[<b>dist</b>]</a> OpenPrivacy uses
+ capability-based security
+ <dd>see e.g. <i>Distributed Computing in E</i>, <<a
+ href="http://www.skyhunter.com/marcs/ewalnut.html#SEC36"
+ target="_new">http://www.skyhunter.com/marcs/ewalnut.html#SEC36>>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><a name="jets">[<b>jets</b>]</a> JetsPeek
+ <dd>An OpenPrivacy-enhanced application that blends the
+ Open Source information portal
+ <a href="http://java.apache.org/jetspeed/site/overview.html"
+ target="_new">Jetspeed</a>
+ with the big-brother-phobic personal electronic newspaper
+ <a href="http://www.broadcatch.com/newspeek.shtml"
+ target="_new">NewsPeek</a>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><a name="prof">[<b>prof</b>]</a> Advanced profiler technologies
+ <dd>See e.g. <a href="http://java.sun.com/products/hotspot/"
+ target="_new">Java HotSpot Technology</a>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><a name="tmay">[<b>tmay</b>]</a> Tim May used the term
+ "reputation capital" in 1994
+ <dd>see <a href="http://www.idiom.com/~arkuat/consent/Anarchy.html"
+ target="_new">
+ <i>Crypto Anarchy and Virtual Communities</i></a>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><a name="zero">[<b>zero</b>]</a> Freedom (by Zeroknowledge)
+ <dd>see <a href="http://www.freedom.net/" target="_new">
+ http://www.freedom.net/>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </blockquote>
+ <br>
+ <hr width=200>
<font size=1><i>Copyright © 2001 Fen Labalme and
OpenPrivacy.org.</i></font>
</body>